18494433 2008 05 22 2008 07 11

0969-0700 17 4 2008 Apr Impact of adhesive surgical tape and wound dressings on the skin, with reference to skin stripping. 157-8, 160-2 Age- and disease-related factors can cause the skin to become susceptible to damage, particularly at dressing change. This review recommends ways of avoiding skin trauma when removing adhesive dressings and surgical tapes. Buckinghamshire New University, UK. info@healthdirections.co.uk Cutting K F KF eng Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

England J Wound Care 9417080 N Age Factors Aged Aging pathology Bandages adverse effects supply & distribution Causality Geriatric Assessment Humans Nursing Assessment Patient Selection Skin injuries pathology Skin Care adverse effects instrumentation nursing Surgical Tape adverse effects supply & distribution Wound Healing 33 2008 5 23 9 0 2008 7 12 9 0 2008 5 23 9 0 ppublish 18494433 17413830 2007 04 06 2007 09 19

1071-5754 34 2 2007 Mar-Apr Prevention and treatment of moisture-associated skin damage (maceration) in the periwound skin. 153-7 Department of Urology and School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. mg5k@virginia.edu Gray Mikel M Weir Dorothy D eng Journal Article Review

United States J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 9435679 N Absorbent Pads Bandages Clinical Nursing Research Dermatitis etiology prevention & control Evidence-Based Medicine Exudates and Transudates Fecal Incontinence complications Honey Humans Humidity adverse effects Perineum injuries Risk Factors Skin Care methods nursing Suction Urinary Incontinence complications 36 2007 4 7 9 0 2007 9 20 9 0 2007 4 7 9 0 ppublish 10.1097/01.WON.0000264827.80613.05 00152192-200703000-00010 17413830 15551919 2004 11 19 2004 12 23 2005 11 16

0029-6570 19 7 2004 Oct 27-Nov 2 Exudate and care of the peri-wound skin. 62, 64, 66 passim A moist environment provides the optimum conditions for wound healing, but maintaining control of exudate and preventing its contact with the surrounding skin remain a challenge to carers. An essential part of management is identifying the underlying pathology of the wound. Correct diagnosis of the cause of increased exudate production is necessary for the implementation of appropriate interventions. Continual assessment of the wound and surrounding skin, together with evaluation of dressing performance, are integral to manage the different stages of wound healing. Department of Dermatology, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Headington, Oxford. janice.cameron@orh.nhs.uk Cameron Janice J eng Journal Article Review

England Nurs Stand 9012906 0 Dermatologic Agents N Bandages Chronic Disease Dermatologic Agents therapeutic use Edema physiopathology Exudates and Transudates Humans Skin Care Wounds and Injuries physiopathology therapy 38 2004 11 24 9 0 2004 12 24 9 0 2004 11 24 9 0 ppublish 15551919 12654015 2003 03 25 2008 05 15

1524-475X 11 Suppl 1 2003 Mar Wound bed preparation: a systematic approach to wound management. S1-28 The healing process in acute wounds has been extensively studied and the knowledge derived from these studies has often been extrapolated to the care of chronic wounds, on the assumption that nonhealing chronic wounds were simply aberrations of the normal tissue repair process. However, this approach is less than satisfactory, as the chronic wound healing process differs in many important respects from that seen in acute wounds. In chronic wounds, the orderly sequence of events seen in acute wounds becomes disrupted or "stuck" at one or more of the different stages of wound healing. For the normal repair process to resume, the barrier to healing must be identified and removed through application of the correct techniques. It is important, therefore, to understand the molecular events that are involved in the wound healing process in order to select the most appropriate intervention. Wound bed preparation is the management of a wound in order to accelerate endogenous healing or to facilitate the effectiveness of other therapeutic measures. Experts in wound management consider that wound bed preparation is an important concept with significant potential as an educational tool in wound management. This article was developed after a meeting of wound healing experts in June 2002 and is intended to provide an overview of the current status, role, and key elements of wound bed preparation. Readers will be able to examine the following issues; the current status of wound bed preparation; an analysis of the acute and chronic wound environments; how wound healing can take place in these environments; the role of wound bed preparation in the clinic; the clinical and cellular components of the wound bed preparation concept; a detailed analysis of the components of wound bed preparation. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Schultz Gregory S GS Sibbald R Gary RG Falanga Vincent V Ayello Elizabeth A EA Dowsett Caroline C Harding Keith K Romanelli Marco M Stacey Michael C MC Teot Luc L Vanscheidt Wolfgang W eng Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

United States Wound Repair Regen 9310939 IM Cell Proliferation Debridement methods Humans Prognosis Wound Healing physiology Wounds and Injuries pathology surgery 107 2003 3 26 5 0 2008 5 16 9 0 2003 3 26 5 0 ppublish 12654015 1129 18754194 2008 08 29 2008 10 29

0969-0700 17 8 2008 Aug Biofilms and chronic wound inflammation. 333-41 In contrast to the commonly accepted hypothesis of host-centred pathology, it is possible that surface bacteria, not host dysfunction, cause the chronicity and perpetual inflammation associated with chronic non-healing wounds. Southwest Regional Wound Care Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA. randy@randalwolcott.com Wolcott R D RD Rhoads D D DD Dowd S E SE eng Journal Article Review

England J Wound Care 9417080 0 Cytokines EC 3.4.- Peptide Hydrolases N Biofilms Chronic Disease Cytokines metabolism Host-Pathogen Interactions immunology Humans Inflammation immunology microbiology Neutrophil Activation immunology Peptide Hydrolases metabolism Skin Ulcer immunology microbiology Wounds and Injuries immunology microbiology 89 2008 8 30 9 0 2008 10 31 9 0 2008 8 30 9 0 ppublish 18754194 12964220 2003 09 10 2003 10 10 2006 11 15

0969-0700 10 2 2001 Feb Effects of adhesive dressings on the stratum corneum of the skin. 7-10 Two human models were developed to quantify the stratum corneum removed by different adhesive dressings and to measure the peel force of dressing removal and relate this to stratum corneum removal. The first was an open study designed to compare the effects of applying Mepiform Safetac, Tielle and Duoderm Extra Thin to the skin of 12 normal volunteers aged 19-53 years. Treatments were applied once (one 24-hour application) or three times (three x 24-hour applications) to forearm skin which had been prestained with methylene blue. After dressing removal the dye left on the skin was sampled using the skin surface biopsy method and measured spectrophotometrically. The results show that, after one and three applications, the Mepiform Safetac sites had a higher level of dye than those on which the other dressings had been applied (p < 0.05, after three applications). Based on the assumption that the more dye is left on the skin, the less damage is caused, this suggests that Mepiform Safetac is less damaging to the skin surface than the other products tested. In the second study the peel force needed to remove adhesive dressings from prestained skin was measured and related to the amount of stratum corneum removed. Mepilex Border Safetac, Duoderm Extra Thin, Allevyn Adhesive, Biatain Adhesive and Tielle Hydropolymer Dressing were compared in 20 normal volunteers aged 23-64 years. Three consecutive 24-hour applications of each product were made, with measurements of peel force at 24, 48 and 72 hours. The amount of dye remaining on the skin at 72 hours was assessed by the surface biopsy method. Statistically significant differences between products were observed in terms of both peak force and steady state force of removal. Differences in the level of damage to the superficial stratum corneum were also detected. However, low levels of peel force were not always associated with low damage and, therefore, other factors must contribute to stratum corneum removal in this model. Department of Dermatology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. Dykes P J PJ Heggie R R Hill S A SA eng Clinical Trial Comparative Study Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

England J Wound Care 9417080 0 Adhesives 0 Colloids 0 Polymers 0 Silicones 61-73-4 Methylene Blue N Adhesives adverse effects Adult Bandages, Hydrocolloid Biopsy Colloids adverse effects Epidermis injuries Epithelium injuries Female Humans Male Methylene Blue Middle Aged Models, Theoretical Occlusive Dressings adverse effects Polymers adverse effects Silicones adverse effects Spectrophotometry 2003 9 11 5 0 2003 10 11 5 0 2003 9 11 5 0 ppublish 12964220 15807807 2005 04 05 2005 07 19 2006 11 15

0909-752X 11 2 2005 May Skin irritation due to repetitive application of adhesive tape: the influence of adhesive strength and seasonal variability. 102-6 BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Influence of the repetitive application of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes on skin was evaluated. METHODS: Two kinds of tapes with different adhesive strengths were repetitively applied to the inside of the forearm of six volunteers in winter and summer, in order to examine the dermal peeling force, the amount of stripped corneocytes, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hydration and deepened skin furrows (changes in skin surface topography) in the epidermal stratum corneum. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: As adhesive tapes were applied repetitively, dermal peeling force gradually increased while the amount of stripped corneocytes decreased. As the cumulative amount of stripped corneocytes increased with repetitive applications, the skin irritation worsened as measured by increased destruction of the skin surface topography and TEWL. These phenomena were more marked with the stronger adhesive tape, and there was seasonal variability. The Third Research Group of Japanese Society for Cutaneous Health, Nishinanajyo, Kyoto, Japan. Tokumura Fumio F Umekage Kazuo K Sado Masashi M Otsuka Saburo S Suda Shin S Taniguchi Masaharu M Yamori Akira A Nakamura Atsushi A Kawai Jun J Oka Keiji K eng Comparative Study Journal Article

Denmark Skin Res Technol 9504453 IM Adhesiveness Adult Bandages adverse effects Dermatitis, Contact diagnosis etiology physiopathology Epidermis physiopathology Female Humans Male Middle Aged Seasons Severity of Illness Index 2005 4 6 9 0 2005 7 20 9 0 2005 4 6 9 0 ppublish SRT88 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2005.00088.x 15807807 15536659 2004 11 09 2005 02 10 2008 11 21

0909-752X 10 4 2004 Nov Experiments on peeling adhesive tapes from human forearms. 271-7 BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Peeling of adhesive tape from hu-man skin can cause pain and trauma. The effects of the peel angle, peel rate, dwell time, subject, and order of testing were examined. METHODS: Adhesive tape was peeled from the volar forearms of four human subjects. The tape was 25.4-mm-wide Durapore by 3M. The rates ranged from 100 to 10,000 mm/min, the peel angle from 90 degrees to 180 degrees, and the dwell time from one to 15 min. The tensile testing machines'recorded the peel force and the displacement of the end of the tape. RESULTS: A range of maximum and average peel force values was observed. The peel force tended to be minimum for a peel angle around 150 degrees in most cases. As the peel rate was increased, the peel force generally tended to increases lightly, but the relationship was erratic. As the dwell time increased, the peel force increased and then settled down. Of the subjects tested, the skin of the oldest subject experienced the most displacement and highest peel forces(the maximum force over all tests was 3.6 N). The peel force tended to increase with repeated peeling from the same skin site. Compared with peeling from a rigid substrate such as steel, the peel force from skin was lower. CONCLUSION: The results improve understanding of the factors affecting the peel force, which has been correlated previously with trauma caused by peeling adhesive tape from skin. The Charles E. Via, Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA. Karwoski A C AC Plaut R H RH eng Comparative Study Evaluation Studies Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Denmark Skin Res Technol 9504453 0 Tissue Adhesives IM Adhesiveness Adult Bandages Elasticity Equipment Failure Analysis methods Female Forearm physiology Humans Male Materials Testing methods Middle Aged Skin Physiological Phenomena Stress, Mechanical Tensile Strength Tissue Adhesives chemistry classification 2004 11 13 9 0 2005 2 11 9 0 2004 11 13 9 0 ppublish 15536659 16711170 2006 05 22 2006 06 27 2006 11 15

0969-0700 15 5 2006 May Biophysical effects of repetitive removal of adhesive dressings on peri-ulcer skin. 187-91 OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of repeated removal of four different adhesive dressings on peri-ulcer skin using quantitative non-invasive techniques. METHOD: Forty-five patients with open (n = 29) or healed (n = 16) venous leg ulcers were included. Peri-ulcer skin was treated for 14 days with patches of two different hydrocolloid-based adhesive dressings, one polyurethane adhesive and one soft silicone adhesive dressing. Normal skin of the patients' ventral forearm was also treated identically. Adhesive patches of the dressings were replaced every second day. The skin barrier function was assessed by measuring transepidermal water loss and stratum corneum hydration by measuring electrical conductance. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients completed the study. The hydrocolloid adhesives increased transepidermal water loss and conductance while the polyurethane and soft silicone adhesives did not influence these parameters significantly compared with adjacent non-treated peri-ulcer skin. For normal forearm skin, similar relative effects among the four adhesives were found. CONCLUSION: Repetitive treatment with hydrocolloid-based adhesive dressings induced major functional alterations of the stratum corneum. In contrast, a polyurethane adhesive and a soft silicone adhesive dressing did not alter transepidermal water loss or conductance of peri-ulcer skin. Copenhagen Wound Healing Centre, I Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. Zillmer R R Agren M S MS Gottrup F F Karlsmark T T eng Comparative Study Controlled Clinical Trial Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

England J Wound Care 9417080 0 Adhesives 0 Polyurethanes 0 Silicones N Adhesives adverse effects Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Bandages adverse effects Bandages, Hydrocolloid Dermatitis etiology prevention & control Female Humans Male Middle Aged Polyurethanes Silicones Varicose Ulcer therapy Water Loss, Insensible 2006 5 23 9 0 2006 6 28 9 0 2006 5 23 9 0 ppublish 16711170 17479791 2007 05 07 2007 06 12

0029-6570 21 32 2007 Apr 18-24 Understanding the role of proteases and pH in wound healing. 68, 70, 72 passim Recent research into chronic and non-healing wounds has helped increase our knowledge and understanding of the destructive processes that occur in wounds. Advanced dressings, such as protease-modulating dressings, have been developed to reduce the effects of these processes and re-establish a molecular balance in the wound bed. To use these dressings accurately, nurses need to understand the events that occur at a molecular level in the wound bed and the phases of wound healing so that they can act appropriately if a wound becomes 'stuck' in one of these phases. Priory Fields Surgery, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire. Rushton I I eng Journal Article Review

England Nurs Stand 9012906 EC 3.4.24.- Matrix Metalloproteinases N Bandages Chronic Disease Evidence-Based Medicine Humans Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Infection Control methods Matrix Metalloproteinases antagonists & inhibitors drug effects physiology Nurse's Role Risk Factors Skin Care methods nursing Wound Healing physiology Wound Infection complications prevention & control Wounds and Injuries physiopathology prevention & control 14 2007 5 8 9 0 2007 6 15 9 0 2007 5 8 9 0 ppublish 17479791 15739652 2005 03 02 2005 05 03 2006 11 15

0969-0700 14 2 2005 Feb Proteases and pH in chronic wounds. 59-61 Smith & Nephew Research Centre, York, UK. bryan.greener@smith-nephew.com Greener B B Hughes A A AA Bannister N P NP Douglass J J eng Journal Article Review

England J Wound Care 9417080 0 Ointments EC 3.4.- Cathepsins EC 3.4.- Peptide Hydrolases EC 3.4.21.- Serine Endopeptidases EC 3.4.21.20 cathepsin G EC 3.4.21.36 Pancreatic Elastase EC 3.4.21.7 Plasmin EC 3.4.24.24 Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 N Bandages Cathepsins analysis physiology Chronic Disease Humans Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 analysis physiology Ointments therapeutic use Pancreatic Elastase analysis physiology Peptide Hydrolases analysis physiology Plasmin analysis physiology Serine Endopeptidases analysis physiology Skin Care methods Wound Healing physiology Wounds and Injuries enzymology 34 2005 3 3 9 0 2005 5 4 9 0 2005 3 3 9 0 ppublish 15739652 19418781 2009 05 07 2009 06 02

0969-0700 18 2 2009 Feb Regular debridement is the main tool for maintaining a healthy wound bed in most chronic wounds. 54-6 Sharp debridement is the most clinically and cost-effective way of physically removing and suppressing a biofilm. Continued debridement, as part of a multifaceted treatment strategy, will keep the biofilm in a weakened state. Southwest Regional Wound Care Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA. Wolcott R D RD Kennedy J P JP Dowd S E SE eng Journal Article Review

England J Wound Care 9417080 N Animals Autolysis Biofilms growth & development Chronic Disease Cost-Benefit Analysis Debridement economics methods Humans Larva Skin Care economics methods Treatment Outcome Wound Healing Wound Infection microbiology prevention & control 35 2009 5 8 9 0 2009 5 8 9 0 2009 6 3 9 0 ppublish 19418781 12000383 2002 05 09 2002 06 28 2004 11 17

0007-0963 146 5 2002 May Br. J. Dermatol. Skin irritation thresholds in hairdressers: implications for the development of hand dermatitis. 849-52 BACKGROUND: Individuals vary in their ability to react to irritants. OBJECTIVES: To observe the development of clinical hand dermatitis and sensitization prospectively in trainee hairdressers and to compare this with their irritant threshold to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). METHODS: Subjects were patch tested to a limited series of occupational importance and their irritant threshold to SLS was determined; patch testing was repeated 6 months later and subjects were assessed for hand dermatitis. RESULTS: The development of hand dermatitis was associated with a lower irritant threshold. A similar association was not found for sensitization. CONCLUSIONS: The development of clinical dermatitis in prospectively followed subjects with greater irritant reactivity has not previously been identified. The association of greater irritant reactivity with a proinflammatory cytokine polymorphism may partly explain this. Further development of the irritant threshold test could contribute to the identification of non-atopic subjects at risk of occupational skin disease. Contact Dermatitis Clinic, St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK. Smith H R HR Armstrong D K B DK Holloway D D Whittam L L Basketter D A DA McFadden J P JP eng Journal Article

England Br J Dermatol 0004041 0 Hair Preparations 0 Irritants IM Adolescent Adult Beauty Culture Dermatitis, Irritant etiology Dermatitis, Occupational etiology Disease Susceptibility Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Follow-Up Studies Hair Preparations adverse effects Hand Dermatoses chemically induced Humans Irritants toxicity Male Middle Aged Patch Tests methods Prospective Studies 2002 5 10 10 0 2002 6 29 10 1 2002 5 10 10 0 ppublish 12000383 4718